Depressed Head and Neck Cancer Patients 3.5 Times Less Likely to Survive, Have Higher Recurrence Risk
Depression is a significant predictor of 5-year survival and recurrence in head and neck cancer patients, according to a new study from The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. These findings, published by Shinn et al in Psychosomatic Medicine, represent one of the largest reported impacts of depression on cancer survival.
Although depression can have obvious detrimental effects on an individual’s quality of life, the impact on that of cancer patients is becoming more apparent, explained Eileen Shinn, PhD, Assistant Professor of Behavioral Science at MD Anderson. There is increasing evidence for modest associations between elevated symptoms of depression and increased mortality risk in lung, breast, ovarian, and kidney cancer.
Study Details
To clarify the influence of depression on survival, the research team focused their analysis on a single cancer type. By limiting the sample set and adjusting for factors known to affect outcome, such as age, tumor size, and previous chemotherapy, they were able to uncover a more profound effect of depression.
The researchers followed 130 MD Anderson patients newly diagnosed with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. At the beginning of their radiation therapy, patients completed a validated questionnaire to identify those with symptoms of clinical depression. Researchers monitored the participants, all of who completed treatment, until their last clinic visit or death, a median period of 5 years.
“The results of this study were quite intriguing, showing depression was a significant factor predicting survival at 5 years, even after controlling for commonly accepted prognostic factors,” said Adam Garden, MD, Professor of Radiation Oncology at MD Anderson.
Study Findings
In fact, depression was the only factor shown to have a significant impact on survival.
Patients scoring as depressed on the questionnaire were 3.5 less likely to have survived to the 5-year interval, compared to those who were not depressed on this scale. The degree of depression was also found to be significant, as every unit increase on this scale resulted in a 10% higher risk for reduced survival.
The results were replicated with a different psychological health survey and were not influenced by how soon following diagnosis the depression assessment was done.
According to the authors, oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma is diagnosed in 10,000 to 15,000 Americans each year. Several major risk factors are known to be associated with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, including smoking and tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. In fact, the incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma has doubled in the last 20 years due to rising HPV infection rates, said Dr. Shinn.
Neither alcohol nor tobacco use, also surveyed in this group, had a significant impact on survival. HPV infection status, when available, did not appear correlated either.
Despite a high cure rate for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, normally between 60% and 80%, there is an unusually high rate of recurrence in these patients of about 30%. As depression was connected to survival, the researchers also investigated a potential link to disease recurrence.
“When we controlled for all variables, depression was linked with a nearly four times higher risk of recurrence,” said Dr. Shinn. “Also, those who had never smoked, compared to current smokers, had a 73% lower chance of recurrence.” Those were the only two factors associated with cancer recurrence.
While the researchers stress caution in generalizing these results to other cancer types, the results do suggest an important role for depression in influencing oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma patient outcome. Although the current study does not address potential psychotherapy interventions, screening for depression in this population may be appropriate, explained Dr. Shinn.
“Regardless of depression’s impact on cancer outcome, all patients should seek help for prolonged and elevated levels of depression as effective medications and therapeutic options are available,” said Dr. Shinn.
Looking ahead, the researchers would like not only to replicate the findings in a larger sample, but also determine the biological reason depression makes this cancer more lethal. Possible mechanisms include poor lifestyle behaviors associated with depression, or a different biological response to chronic inflammation that affects cancer biology.
The content in this post has not been reviewed by the American Society of Clinical Oncology, Inc. (ASCO®) and does not necessarily reflect the ideas and opinions of ASCO®.
