DART could have strong science benefits by allowing us to explore the genomic landscape of rare tumors and their response to combination immunotherapy.— Young Kwang Chae, MD, MPH, MBA
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People with rare cancers now have the option of joining a national clinical trial testing leading-edge immunotherapies for a wide variety of tumor types. It’s the first federally funded immunotherapy trial devoted to rare cancers. Despite their name, rare cancers make up more than 20% of cancers diagnosed worldwide.
The trial is called DART, which stands for dual anti–CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated protein 4) and anti–PD-1 (programmed cell death protein 1) blockade in rare tumors. It is managed by SWOG, the cancer clinical trials group that is part of the National Cancer Institute’s (NCI) National Clinical Trials Network. The trial is sponsored by the NCI and being conducted under NCI collaborative agreements with Bristol-Myers Squibb for ipilimumab (Yervoy) and nivolumab (Opdivo).
DART and NCI-MATCH
The trial draws on the design and takes advantage of the scale of another landmark trial offered through the National Clinical Trials Network the NCI-MATCH (molecular analysis for therapy choice), a precision medicine trial open at more than 1,000 clinical sites. Co-designed by the ECOG-ACRIN Cancer Research Group and the NCI, and led by ECOG-ACRIN, NCI-MATCH is the most sweeping precision medicine trial in the United States. It uses a customized tumor gene testing method to match patients with any solid tumor, along with lymphoma and myeloma, to multiple targeted treatments. Currently, there are 24 treatments offered, with plans to add about 10 more. Since NCI-MATCH was launched in August 2015, more than 2,500 patients have completed tumor gene testing of the 6,000 patients intended to be screened. As of December 1, 2016, nearly 300 patients have entered treatment arms.
According to the definition used for the DART trial, rare cancers are those diseases with an incidence of less than 6 in 100,000 per year. They include dozens of types of disease, including cancers in the nerves, glands, bones, and skin. But only certain patients will be eligible to enroll in DART. To join, patients must be registered to NCI-MATCH. If they don’t have a treatment option under NCI-MATCH, or if they didn’t respond to treatment on that trial, and their rare cancer is eligible, they can enroll.
DART patients will be treated with two immunotherapy drugs—ipilimumab plus nivolumab—a combination treatment that helps the immune system fight cancer. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the combination to treat melanoma, and it is currently being tested on a variety of lung cancers.
Investigators leading the DART trial want to determine whether this combination, given in 6-week cycles, can significantly shrink tumors based on computerized tomography (CT) scans taken upon enrollment and then at regular intervals over the course of treatment. The DART team also wants to evaluate any side effects and estimate how long patients live and the length of time before their cancer progresses. In addition, a basic science team will use tumor tissue samples to study how immune cells and genes respond to the drug combination and see whether there are any biomarkers that predict treatment response among patients. Trial leaders plan to enroll 300 patients.
DART Leadership
Razelle Kurzrock, MD, and Francis J. Giles, MD, are the DART Senior Study Chairs, providing guidance on the trial design and protocol. Dr. Kurzrock is Senior Deputy Center Director at the University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Center and Chair of the Early Therapeutics and Rare Cancers Committee at SWOG. Dr. Giles is Chief of the Division of Hematology/Oncology at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Deputy Director of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, and SWOG Principal Investigator at Northwestern.
Sandip Patel, MD, is the principal investigator of the DART trial. “NCI-MATCH’s goal was to include rare cancer patients as part of the trial, and with DART, we hope to increase the impact by offering them this dual immunotherapy,” said Dr. Patel, Assistant Professor of Medicine and Assistant Director of the Clinical Trials Office at the University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Center. “This trial is an extraordinary team effort between multiple cancer centers connected by SWOG.”
Young Kwang Chae, MD, MPH, MBA, is the principal investigator for the translational medicine component of the DART trial and leads the study with Dr. Patel. “DART could have strong science benefits by allowing us to explore the genomic landscape of rare tumors and their response to combination immunotherapy,” said Dr. Chae, Assistant Professor in the Division of Hematology/Oncology in the Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern and Co-Director of the Division’s Developmental Therapeutics Program.
The DART team includes Donna Hansel, MD, PhD, a pathologist and professor at the University of California, San Diego; SWOG biostatisticians Megan Othus, PhD, and Melissa Plets, MS, both of Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Christopher Ryan, MD, SWOG Executive Officer for Early Therapeutics and Rare Cancers and Professor at the Knight Cancer Institute at Oregon Health and Science University; SWOG Protocol Coordinator Cara Laubach; and Jeffrey Chuang, PhD, and Karolina Palucka, MD, PhD, of the Jackson Laboratory, a SWOG basic science partner. DART partners also include ECOG-ACRIN and the NCI’s Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program.
“We are hopeful that with the help of the rare disease community, and patients throughout the United States, this pivotal trial will advance more treatments for people with rare cancers,” said Marcia Horn, SWOG’s patient advocate for early therapeutics and rare cancers and President and Chief Executive Officer of the International Cancer Advocacy Network. ■
